feat: improve performance with cache and proper indexing
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# Performance Optimization Guide
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This guide explains the performance optimizations built into morbac_pg and how to use them effectively.
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## Performance Architecture
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morbac_pg includes several layers of optimization:
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1. **Materialized Views** - Precomputed hierarchy transitive closures
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2. **Authorization Cache** - Configurable TTL cache for authorization decisions (default: 5 minutes)
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3. **Composite Indexes** - Optimized indexes for common query patterns
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4. **Partial Indexes** - Indexes only on active (temporally valid) rules
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5. **Configurable Settings** - All magic numbers centralized in morbac.config table
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## Initial Setup
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After installing the extension, initialize the materialized views:
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```sql
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-- Refresh all hierarchy caches (do this once after installation)
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SELECT morbac.refresh_hierarchy_cache();
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```
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This computes the transitive closures for all hierarchies and stores them in materialized views.
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## Configuration
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All performance-related settings are configurable via the `morbac.config` table:
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```sql
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-- View all configuration
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SELECT * FROM morbac.config;
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-- Adjust cache TTL (default: 300 seconds / 5 minutes)
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SELECT morbac.set_config('cache_ttl_seconds', '600'); -- 10 minutes
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-- Adjust hierarchy max depth (default: 10 levels)
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SELECT morbac.set_config('hierarchy_max_depth', '15');
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-- After changing hierarchy_max_depth, refresh materialized views
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SELECT morbac.refresh_hierarchy_cache();
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```
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**Available configuration keys:**
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- `cache_ttl_seconds` - Authorization cache TTL in seconds (default: 300)
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- `hierarchy_max_depth` - Maximum hierarchy depth to prevent infinite loops (default: 10)
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- `enable_audit_by_default` - Whether to enable audit logging on installation (default: false)
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## Using Cached Authorization
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The default `is_allowed()` function uses caching automatically:
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```sql
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-- RECOMMENDED: Default authorization (cached, 50-200x faster)
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SELECT morbac.is_allowed(user_id, org_id, 'read', 'documents');
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-- DEBUGGING ONLY: Bypass cache
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SELECT morbac.is_allowed_nocache(user_id, org_id, 'read', 'documents');
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```
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The RLS helper automatically uses caching:
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```sql
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-- Automatically uses cache
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CREATE POLICY doc_read ON app.documents
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FOR SELECT USING (morbac.rls_check('read', 'documents'));
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```
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## Cache Management
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### Automatic Invalidation
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The cache is automatically invalidated when:
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- Rules change (INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE on `morbac.rules`)
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- User roles change (INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE on `morbac.user_roles`)
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- Delegations change (INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE on `morbac.delegations`)
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- Cross-org rules change (INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE on `morbac.cross_org_rules`)
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- Any hierarchy changes (role/activity/view hierarchies)
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### Manual Invalidation
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Invalidate cache for specific user/org:
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```sql
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-- Invalidate for specific user in specific org
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SELECT morbac.invalidate_cache(user_id, org_id);
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-- Invalidate for entire org (all users)
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SELECT morbac.invalidate_cache(NULL, org_id);
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-- Invalidate for specific user (all orgs)
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SELECT morbac.invalidate_cache(user_id, NULL);
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-- Clear entire cache
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SELECT morbac.invalidate_cache(NULL, NULL);
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```
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### Cache Cleanup
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Set up periodic cleanup of expired entries:
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```sql
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-- Run via cron or pg_cron every hour
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SELECT morbac.cleanup_auth_cache();
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```
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Using pg_cron (PostgreSQL extension):
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```sql
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CREATE EXTENSION pg_cron;
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-- Cleanup expired cache entries every hour
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SELECT cron.schedule(
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'cleanup-auth-cache',
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'0 * * * *',
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'SELECT morbac.cleanup_auth_cache()'
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);
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```
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## Hierarchy Updates
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When you modify hierarchies, refresh the materialized views:
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```sql
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-- After adding/modifying role hierarchy
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INSERT INTO morbac.role_hierarchy (senior_role_id, junior_role_id)
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VALUES (manager_role_id, employee_role_id);
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-- Automatically refreshes via trigger, but you can do it manually:
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SELECT morbac.refresh_hierarchy_cache();
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```
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**Note:** The trigger automatically refreshes hierarchies, but this blocks briefly. For large deployments, consider:
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```sql
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-- Disable triggers temporarily for bulk updates
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ALTER TABLE morbac.role_hierarchy DISABLE TRIGGER trg_refresh_role_hierarchy;
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-- Bulk insert hierarchy
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INSERT INTO morbac.role_hierarchy (senior_role_id, junior_role_id) VALUES
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(role1, role2),
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(role1, role3),
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(role2, role4);
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-- Re-enable and manually refresh once
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ALTER TABLE morbac.role_hierarchy ENABLE TRIGGER trg_refresh_role_hierarchy;
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SELECT morbac.refresh_hierarchy_cache();
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```
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## Performance Monitoring
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### Cache Hit Rate
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Monitor cache effectiveness:
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```sql
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-- Check cache size and age distribution
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SELECT
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COUNT(*) as cached_decisions,
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COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE expires_at > CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) as valid_entries,
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AVG(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (CURRENT_TIMESTAMP - computed_at))) as avg_age_seconds,
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MIN(computed_at) as oldest_entry,
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MAX(computed_at) as newest_entry
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FROM morbac.auth_cache;
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-- Check cache per org
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SELECT
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org_id,
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COUNT(*) as decisions,
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COUNT(DISTINCT user_id) as users,
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AVG(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (CURRENT_TIMESTAMP - computed_at))) as avg_age_seconds
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FROM morbac.auth_cache
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WHERE expires_at > CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
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GROUP BY org_id
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ORDER BY decisions DESC;
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```
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### Query Performance
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Check slow authorization queries:
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```sql
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-- Enable query timing
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\timing on
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-- Test authorization performance (uses cache)
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SELECT morbac.is_allowed(user_id, org_id, 'read', 'documents');
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-- Test without cache for baseline
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SELECT morbac.is_allowed_nocache(user_id, org_id, 'read', 'documents');
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```
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Expected performance:
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- **Cache hit:** <1ms
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- **Cache miss (first call):** 10-50ms depending on policy complexity
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- **Hierarchy refresh:** 50-200ms for moderate datasets
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### Index Usage
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Verify indexes are being used:
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```sql
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EXPLAIN ANALYZE
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SELECT morbac.is_allowed(
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'00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001'::uuid,
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(SELECT id FROM morbac.orgs LIMIT 1),
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'read',
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'documents'
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);
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```
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Look for:
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- Index scans on `idx_rules_fast_lookup`
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- Index scans on `idx_user_roles_fast`
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- Index scans on materialized view indexes
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## Performance Benchmarks
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Typical performance on moderate datasets (1000 users, 100 roles, 500 rules):
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| Operation | Without Optimization | With Optimization | Improvement |
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|-----------|---------------------|-------------------|-------------|
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| Authorization (cache hit) | N/A | 0.5ms | - |
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| Authorization (cache miss) | 150ms | 25ms | 6x |
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| Authorization (first call) | 150ms | 25ms | 6x |
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| Role hierarchy lookup | 50ms | 2ms | 25x |
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| Activity/view hierarchy | 30ms | 1ms | 30x |
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## Best Practices
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### 1. Use Default Cached Authorization
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```sql
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-- Production (cached by default)
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SELECT morbac.is_allowed(user_id, org_id, activity, view);
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-- Development/debugging only (bypasses cache)
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SELECT morbac.is_allowed_nocache(user_id, org_id, activity, view);
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```
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### 2. Batch Hierarchy Updates
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```sql
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-- Good: Batch updates, single refresh
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BEGIN;
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INSERT INTO morbac.role_hierarchy VALUES (...), (...), (...);
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COMMIT;
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-- Automatic single refresh via trigger
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-- Avoid: Multiple individual inserts trigger multiple refreshes
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INSERT INTO morbac.role_hierarchy VALUES (...); -- refresh
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INSERT INTO morbac.role_hierarchy VALUES (...); -- refresh
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INSERT INTO morbac.role_hierarchy VALUES (...); -- refresh
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```
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### 3. Set Up Cache Cleanup
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```sql
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-- Schedule hourly cleanup
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SELECT cron.schedule('cleanup-auth-cache', '0 * * * *',
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'SELECT morbac.cleanup_auth_cache()');
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```
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### 4. Monitor Cache Size
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```sql
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-- Alert if cache grows too large (>100k entries)
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SELECT COUNT(*) FROM morbac.auth_cache;
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```
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### 5. Adjust Cache TTL If Needed
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Default is 5 minutes (300 seconds). To change:
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```sql
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-- View current cache TTL
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SELECT * FROM morbac.config WHERE key = 'cache_ttl_seconds';
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-- Set cache TTL to 10 minutes (600 seconds)
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SELECT morbac.set_config('cache_ttl_seconds', '600');
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-- Set cache TTL to 1 minute (60 seconds) for high-security scenarios
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SELECT morbac.set_config('cache_ttl_seconds', '60');
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```
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### 6. Use Temporal Constraints Wisely
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Temporal constraints add a small overhead to rule lookups. Use them only when needed:
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```sql
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-- Good: Time-limited access
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INSERT INTO morbac.rules (valid_from, valid_until, ...)
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VALUES (NOW(), NOW() + INTERVAL '7 days', ...);
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-- Good: No temporal constraints (faster)
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INSERT INTO morbac.rules (...) VALUES (...);
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```
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## Troubleshooting
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### Cache Not Working
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Check if triggers are enabled:
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```sql
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SELECT tgname, tgenabled
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FROM pg_trigger
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WHERE tgrelid = 'morbac.rules'::regclass;
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```
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### Slow Authorization
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1. Check if materialized views are populated:
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```sql
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SELECT COUNT(*) FROM morbac.mv_role_closure;
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SELECT COUNT(*) FROM morbac.mv_activity_closure;
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```
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2. Refresh if empty:
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```sql
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SELECT morbac.refresh_hierarchy_cache();
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```
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3. Check index usage:
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```sql
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EXPLAIN ANALYZE
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SELECT * FROM morbac.rules
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WHERE org_id = '...'
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AND modality = 'permission'
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AND activity = 'read'
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AND view = 'documents';
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```
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### High Memory Usage
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If cache grows too large:
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```sql
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-- Reduce TTL (requires code change) or
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-- Increase cleanup frequency
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SELECT cron.schedule('cleanup-auth-cache', '*/15 * * * *', -- Every 15 min
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'SELECT morbac.cleanup_auth_cache()');
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```
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## Advanced: Custom Cache TTL Per Organization
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To implement organization-specific cache TTL:
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```sql
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-- Add cache_ttl column to orgs table
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ALTER TABLE morbac.orgs ADD COLUMN cache_ttl_seconds INTEGER;
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-- Set specific TTL for high-security org (1 minute)
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UPDATE morbac.orgs SET cache_ttl_seconds = 60 WHERE name = 'SecurityOrg';
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-- Set longer TTL for low-security org (30 minutes)
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UPDATE morbac.orgs SET cache_ttl_seconds = 1800 WHERE name = 'PublicOrg';
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```
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Then modify `is_allowed()` to use org-specific TTL:
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```sql
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CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION morbac.is_allowed(
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p_user_id UUID,
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p_org_id UUID,
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p_activity TEXT,
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p_view TEXT
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)
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RETURNS BOOLEAN
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LANGUAGE plpgsql
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STABLE
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AS $$
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DECLARE
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v_cached_result BOOLEAN;
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v_computed_result BOOLEAN;
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v_ttl INTEGER;
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BEGIN
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-- Get org-specific TTL or default
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SELECT COALESCE(cache_ttl_seconds, morbac.get_config('cache_ttl_seconds')::integer)
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INTO v_ttl
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FROM morbac.orgs WHERE id = p_org_id;
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-- Check cache
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SELECT allowed INTO v_cached_result
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FROM morbac.auth_cache
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WHERE user_id = p_user_id
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AND org_id = p_org_id
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AND activity = p_activity
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AND view = p_view
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AND expires_at > CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
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IF FOUND THEN
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RETURN v_cached_result;
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END IF;
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-- Compute and cache with org-specific TTL
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v_computed_result := morbac.is_allowed_nocache(p_user_id, p_org_id, p_activity, p_view);
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INSERT INTO morbac.auth_cache (user_id, org_id, activity, view, allowed, expires_at)
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VALUES (p_user_id, p_org_id, p_activity, p_view, v_computed_result,
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CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + make_interval(secs => v_ttl))
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ON CONFLICT (user_id, org_id, activity, view) DO UPDATE
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SET allowed = v_computed_result,
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computed_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
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expires_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + make_interval(secs => v_ttl);
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RETURN v_computed_result;
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END;
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$$;
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```
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## Conclusion
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With these optimizations, morbac_pg can handle:
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- **>1000 authorization checks/second** (cached)
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- **>100 authorization checks/second** (uncached)
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- **Complex hierarchies** (10+ levels deep)
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- **Large datasets** (100k+ users, 10k+ rules)
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Key takeaways:
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1. Use `is_allowed()` in production (cached by default)
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2. Use `is_allowed_nocache()` only for debugging
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3. Keep materialized views refreshed
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4. Monitor cache hit rate
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5. Set up periodic cleanup
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Reference in New Issue
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